Today’s state symbols in most countries of the world have such historical roots.

The death penalty was not inherent in law at the time. It appears later and first in the practice of ecclesiastical courts.

The trial was adversarial. The parties were called the plaintiff and the defendant. The law provided for the procedure of searching for a thief. These were the so-called "call" "arch" "chase trail". Proof of guilt were the testimony of witnesses, personal confession, physical evidence, God’s judgment. The latter included judicial oaths (company), various trials (ordeals), a court duel. There were two types of ordeals – testing with iron and water.

National symbols of Ukraine

Until recently, the use of a blue-and-yellow flag, a trident, and the anthem "Ukraine is not dead yet" was considered sedition and was punished by the Soviet repressive apparatus. For a long time, the Ukrainian people were persuaded that they did not have statehood, and therefore their state symbols. During the cult of personality of Stalin and stagnation, our scientific literature linked the origin of the trident and the blue-yellow flag mainly only with the Central Rada, the Directory, Ukrainian state nationalists and all other existing and non-existent in the 20s and 40s of the twentieth century. organizations whose activities were believed to lead only animal farm chapter 6 and 7 summary to bloody events.

In fact, such attributes of statehood were adopted by the Central Rada in 1918. For many decades, our ideological authorities interpreted this unilaterally, in favor of some "higher interests" (rather than objective coverage of social processes), depriving researchers of even a retrospective view of our the past, fearing that the people would learn about the roots of their national symbols, their historical tradition. And she, this tradition, is really deep, centuries-old.

So it is very unfortunate that even today we often hear: national symbols should not irritate anyone, because they are supposedly the symbols of Petliura and Bandera. Given such approaches, it is necessary to explain the origin of national symbols in a timely, truthful and qualified manner, so that people can decide for themselves what should remain in a renewed society.

And when addressing these issues, it should be remembered that the ancient emblem or color must always be invariably preserved in state awards intact, just as the family preserves ancient traditions and coats of arms. Reckless innovations in the field of heraldic and other signs of state and national character deprive the emblem and color of historical popularity and give them the official character of the stamp, which they should never be.

By the way, the national colors, respected in many countries for centuries, during the times of national liberation or bourgeois-democratic revolutions, are usually united on the flags of new state formations.

Today’s state symbols in most countries of the world have such historical roots. This, of course, should be taken into account by our domestic researchers, who undertake a responsible mission to give recommendations on the justification of the state right to the existence of national symbols.

On January 28, 1992, the Verkhovna Rada adopted a Resolution on the State Flag of Ukraine. It became the national blue and yellow flag. And on February 19, 1992 the Resolution on the State Emblem of Ukraine was adopted. Parliament approved the trident as the small coat of arms of Ukraine, considering it the main element of the large coat of arms of Ukraine.

Conclusions. Historical facts convincingly show that the Ukrainian people for several centuries had their own statehood, defended it, fought for its revival and preservation. He created his statehood on his own land, not by seizing and enslaving other people’s territories, by his own efforts, by his own blood and sweat. The geographical position of the Ukrainian lands has long caused both positive and negative processes: natural conditions contributed to the development of civilization here, at the same time, the Ukrainian lands were attacked and looted by the authorities.

Political and economic strengthening of the young Ukrainian state, its entry into Europe will be impossible without spiritual, intellectual renewal and enrichment of society. Anhaustible source of self-recognition and self-creation of the nation is the study of the centuries-old history of the state and the law of Ukraine. This is because law is one of the most important tools for ensuring justice, human rights and interests.

Law is part of the culture of the people. Its study in historical terms is designed to awaken, to restore where it losesoh, to raise the legal consciousness to a higher level as part of the self-consciousness of the people – the true creator of history.

literature

History of the state and law of Ukraine: a textbook for students of law schools and faculties. – K., 1996. Miroshnichenko MI, Miroshnichenko VI History of the doctrines of state and law. Tutorial. – Kyiv, 2004. Sergiychuk VI National symbols of Ukraine. – K., 1992. Shevchuk VP, Taranenko MG History of Ukrainian statehood. Course of lectures. – K., 1999.

03/03/2013

Ukrainian national revolution of the middle of the 17th century: causes and beginning. Abstract

The events that took place in the Ukrainian lands in the middle of the 17th century radically changed the course of national history and also significantly influenced the geopolitical development of the whole of Europe.

Cossack-peasant uprisings of the first half of the XVII century. were generated by broad socio-economic and political reasons. They contributed to the accumulation of military experience, the growth of national self-consciousness of Ukrainian backgammon, strengthening the unity of the Cossacks and peasants in the struggle for national liberation, the formation of psychological readiness to fight to the victorious end.

The popular uprising, which began in 1648, covered a large part of the territory and population of Ukraine, soon escalated into a war of liberation. Military action led to great changes in the social development of Ukrainian lands and gradually grew into a national revolution. In view of this, "national revolution" is precisely the generalizing term that adequately reflects the essence, scale, content and forms of struggle of this era, as well as explains the revolutionary changes that took place in society in the second half of the XVII century.

The policy of the government of the Commonwealth towards Ukraine was clearly colonial in nature. It was so consistent and purposeful that by the middle of the XVII century. there was a threat to the existence of the Ukrainian people. This led to the loss of Ukrainian society of its elite, the removal of Ukrainian burghers from a leading role in the life of major cities and the development of trade, the split of the clergy, inhibiting the development of language and culture. In economic relations, the interests of the Cossack economy and filwark-serfdom clashed.

In the late 40’s of the XVII century. feudal and feudal and national-religious oppression of the Commonwealth in the Ukrainian lands became unbearable. What were the reasons that necessitated the beginning of the national liberation struggle in 1648? At this time, the socio-economic situation in the Ukrainian lands, which were part of the Commonwealth, became extremely complicated.

Poland gradually began to become the main supplier of bread in Europe, which led to the strengthening of land ownership of the feudal lords and the strengthening of serfdom. For Ukrainian peasants, serfdom increased to 5-6 days a week, as well as in-kind and cash taxes. A large amount of Ukrainian land was leased by European entrepreneurs, who ruthlessly exploited peasants and land. The economic situation of the burghers considerably deteriorated, because the inhabitants of the cities, which were privately owned by the feudal lords, had to pay additional taxes, the church tithe performed various work for the benefit of the city owner.

Although in the early XVII century. most cities of Ukraine used the Magdeburg law, this self-government was constantly limited. Exercising the right to export their goods and a monopoly on the production and processing of various products, the feudal nobility competed quite successfully with the inhabitants of cities in the commercial and industrial sphere.

Wealthy registered Cossacks were also dissatisfied with their situation. Registered Cossacks, like the nobility, were freed from serfdom and serfdom, that is, individual freedom. The Cossack elite has always sought to have equal rights over the nobility and to own enslaved peasants.

The situation of the registered Cossacks deteriorated after the suppression of the Cossack-peasant uprisings of the 1930s. and after the publication by the Polish government in 1638 of the "Ordinances of the Zaporizhzhya Registered Army", which significantly limited the self-government of the registrars. The register was reduced, the election of officers was abolished, the Cossack court was liquidated, a Polish commissar was appointed to replace the hetman, and the positions of colonels were held by the nobility.

The political situation was critical. Ukraine lacked its own state, which led to the mass polarization of the Ukrainian ruling elite. The progressive assimilation of the Ukrainian people gradually reached the point beyond which it had to leave the historical scene as an independent entity. Trying to speed up the process, the Polish side sent national and religious oppression.

Relying on Catholicism, Polish magnates pursued a policy of national and cultural enslavement of the Ukrainian people. Through the Catholic and Uniate Churches, the Polish nobility sought to convert Orthodox Ukrainians to Catholicism en masse, to close churches and monasteries, and to ban the use of their native language. These factors led to the beginning of a mass popular uprising at this time. Important reasons that made possible the beginning of the Cossack uprising are the strengthening and expansion of the sphere of influence of the Zaporozhian Sich, which was the germ of Ukrainian statehood.

By nature, the war of liberation was anti-feudal, national liberation and took place under religious slogans, as the demands and purpose of individual social forces were hidden under a religious cover. The leader was the Cossacks, under whose leadership the peasantry, the bourgeoisie, and the clergy rallied.

Thus, in the middle of the XVII century. the absence of their own state, the progressive loss of the national elite, church schism, colonization, catholicization, the growing enslavement of the peasantry encouraged Ukrainians to mass popular uprising, and the weakness of royal power, expanding influence of the Zaporozhian Sich, loss of control over Poland made this uprising possible.